How stuff works: Fåmansbolagsreglerna

(Edit 2024-12-16: updated with current numbers)

What’s this about?

Sweden has special rules for small companies with few owners, also known as the “3:12 rules” from an old law paragraph. We’ll use this term here, for lack of a good translation to the common name “Fåmansbolagsreglerna”. These rules regulate a number of things regarding owners in small companies – here we’ll focus on the taxes you pay when you receive dividends or sell shares in your company.

This is an overview of the rules – the idea is to give you an understanding of what the rules are all about, not to teach you to do all the exact calculations or handle every kind of situation. Skatteverket has a brochure on the subject, and BL Information has a whole book.

I haven’t found a good translation for “fåmansbolag”, which literally means a company with few owners. So let’s just use the Swedish term, shall we?

Is your company a fåmansbolag and are your shares qualified?

If you own shares in an unlisted (i.e. not publicly traded) aktiebolag with one or relatively few owners, we can probably assume it’s a fåmansbolag. The formal criteria is that the four largest owners (or fewer) together have more than 50% of the votes in the company.

So can you divide ownership among family members to avoid being classified as a fåmansbolag? Nope, sorry, all close relatives (“close” being defined in the 3:12 rules) are counted as one person in this aspect.

If you work actively in the company and don’t have any larger, passive co-owners, we can assume that your shares are qualified. This basically means the 3:12 rules kick in at full effect. We’ll first go through the rules for qualified shares, but see the end of the post for a couple of exceptions and a deeper dive regarding the term “qualified”.

Note that these rules only apply to individuals who own shares, not for companies owning shares. More about holding companies further down.

Taxation

The main reason for the 3:12 rules is the progressive taxation of work (salary) income in Sweden. The marginal tax rate (the tax you pay on your next SEK of income) on salary income in Sweden starts at around 29% (well, in practice a bit lower, but let’s go with this) and jumps by 20 percentage points on everything above an annual income of 523 200 SEK (2020). There used to be another 5 percentage point jump on even higher income, but that was removed in 2020. The tax rate on capital income is however a flat 30%, e.g. if you sell shares on the stock market or receive dividends from your stock market investments.

So let’s say you’re making good money in your company, so good that your marginal tax rate would be quite high should you take out all profits as salary. You’d then be inclined to keep your salary down and instead save up profits in the company to later pay out as dividends at the 30% capital tax rate, thereby circumventing the progressive tax rate on work income.

But we can’t have that, now can we? So for people who basically can decide themselves how to allocate their company’s income (i.e. owners in fåmansbolag), the 3:12 rules simply limit the amount of dividends and capital gains that get taxed as capital income, while the rest gets taxed as salary income.

Let’s say you receive dividends from your fåmansbolag. On the amount you can treat as capital income you pay 20% tax, i.e. a bit lower than normal capital income. While on any amounts above this cap, you pay taxes as if it were salary income (i.e. 29% to 55%).

So where exactly is this cap? This is where the “gränsbelopp” comes in – we’ll use the Swedish term, but “dividend allowance” could be an approximate translation.

Gränsbeloppet

Each year, every owner who owns shares in the company on January 1 (meaning you must become an owner no later than December 31), gets allocated a gränsbelopp, which simply put is the amount you can receive as dividends (or capital gains) at 20% capital income tax. Another Swedish term is “utdelningsutrymme”, although it can be used for capital gains as well. If you don’t use your gränsbelopp, it’s accumulated and saved for future years.

Note that the amount a company can distribute as dividends depends on the amount of free equity (profits) in the company, and it’s the shareholder meeting that makes decisions about dividends. The 3:12 rules don’t have anything to do with this. The gränsbelopp in the 3:12 rules controls only what happens tax-wise for each co-owner when they receive dividends. However, owners in small companies naturally take their gränsbelopp into account when deciding on dividends.

The gränsbelopp can be calculated in two different ways – a main rule and a simplified rule. Each owner can each year choose which rule to use that year.

The simplified rule

(Edit 2024-12-16: updated with current numbers)

Let’s start with the easiest one. Here the owners of a company get to share 2,75 IBB (inkomstbasbelopp), proportional to their respective ownership share. The IBB is an official number decided on for each year, that’s used for various calculations by Skatteverket and other authorities. For the gränsbelopp we always use the previous year’s IBB. The IBB 2023 was 74 300 SEK so the standard allowance 2024 is therefore 204 325 SEK. The IBB in 2024 is 76 200 SEK and so the standard allowance for 2025 is 209 550 SEK.

In other words, if you own 50% of the shares you get 102 163 SEK as gränsbelopp for the income year 2024, and so on.

The only caveat is that, if you own shares in several companies (fåmansbolag), you only get to use the simple rule in one of your companies each year.

The main rule

(Edit 2024-12-16: updated with current numbers)

OK, so here’s where it gets a bit more complicated.

The gränsbelopp is calculated as around 10% of your purchase price for your shares, plus sometimes a salary-based component. The “around 10%” is more precisely the state interest rate (statslåneräntan) + 9 percentage points. For the income year 2024 this amounts to 11,62%.

It’s with the salary-based part that things get a bit hairy, so buckle up. We look at salaries of the previous year – for the gränsbelopp for the income year 2024, which is calculated in your income tax return that you submit in the spring of 2025, we use the salaries of 2023.

First of all you need to take out enough salary yourself in order to use the salary-based component. This threshold is a bit tricky to calculate, but it starts around 481 000 SEK (salary year 2024) and increases with total salaries in the company. More precisely, the threshold is either 9,6 IBB (731 520 SEK in 2024), or 5% of the company’s total salaries plus 6 IBB, which for 2024 means 457 200 SEK plus 5% of total salaries.

If you yourself (or a close relative) takes out enough salary, you get to add a salary-based amount of 50% of the company’s total salaries (to all employees) multiplied by your ownership share. Important: if your salary is as little as 1 SEK below the threshold, you can’t use the salary based component at all, so do keep an eye on your salary levels towards the end of the year.

Confused yet? 🙂 Let’s do an example. Let’s say you’re alone in your company, you purchased your shares at 25 000 SEK (e.g. if you started the company yourself with the minimum share capital), the company’s total salaries in 2023 is 1 MSEK and you took out 500 000 SEK yourself. 6 * 74 300 SEK plus 5% of 1 MSEK is 495 800 SEK, so your salary of 500 000 SEK is above the threshold and you can add the salary-based amount to your gränsbelopp. Your gränsbelopp for 2024 then ends up at 11,62% of 25 000 SEK plus 50% of 1 MSEK, for a total of 502 905 SEK. Not too shabby, compared to the simplified rule.

Tax return

Owners in fåmansbolag have their very own tax return form called K10. Unless your shares are unqualified (see further down), in which case you’ll use a K12 form instead. In the K10 you calculate your gränsbelopp for the year, as well as any tax on dividends or capital gains, should you have any.

Exception: Unqualified shares

We said before that if you work actively in your company your shares are probably qualified, which is when the 3:12 rules apply. But there are situations where your shares are not qualified, which means an entirely different set of rules. The most common case is if you’re not active in the company, or more precisely if you aren’t “important for the profit generation” in the company. The Swedish term is “verksam i betydande omfattning”. Maybe you own shares but you only participate in a couple of board meetings each year. Or your company owns real estate, but the entire operation is handled by a real estate management company and you don’t lift a finger.

If your shares are unqualified, we can forget everything we said above about gränsbelopp – instead you pay 25% flat tax on all dividends and capital gains, regardless of the amount.

Some business owners accumulate profits in their company and eventually want to retire, go passive in their company and pay out all profits at 25% tax. But there’s a five year “quarantine” meaning you have to be passive for five years before your shares become unqualified. Some people put their company aside for five years in order to later pay out profits at 25% tax.

Exception: External owners (Utomståenderegeln)

If the company has external passive owners with at least 30% ownership (more preceisely, if they have the right to at least 30% of dividends), all shares in the company become unqualified. A common example could be an investor who doesn’t work in the company, but owns 30% or more of the shares.

The reasoning is that if such a large part of the company is owned by others, you don’t have anything to gain from passing up salary for dividends, since such a large part of dividends go to other owners.

Owning through a holding company

The 3:12 rules apply to you as an individual and the shares you own. They don’t apply when a company owns shares in another company. If you have a holding company owning shares in another company, both companies may indeed be fåmansbolag, but dividends and capital gains in the daughter company are tax-free in the mother company, exactly like any other unlisted shares owned by an aktiebolag. It’s only when the holding company pays out dividends to you, or when you sell shares in the holding company, that the 3:12 rules kick in.

However, as long as your holding company owns more than 50% of the daughter company, you can use (your ownership part of) salaries in the daughter company (together with any salary in the holding company) when calculating the salary based amount in your holding company.

Sadly, being active in one of these companies is “contagious”. So being active in the daughter company means your shares in the mother company are automatically qualified.

The question of whether to own privately or through a holding company can be complicated and you should get a professional opinion if you don’t know exactly what you’re doing. A rule of thumb is that it’s much easier to create a company structure than to dissolve one, so when in doubt you may want to just wait with creating a holding company structure until you’re sure that’s what you want to do.

Future changes

(Edit 2024-12-16: updated with current information)

The 3:12 rules are always a hot topic among business owners and politicians. There’s often talk about reforming these rules, but no significant changes have been made in years, apart from adjusting the percentages and amounts every now and then. And right on cue, in 2024 it was announced (again) that some fairly extensive changes to these rules were being discussed. Future will tell which change will actually be implemented, if any.

Conclusion

OK so this was a quick summary of the 3:12 rules. Having a general grasp of these rules is good for any owner of a small company in Sweden. You can absolutely take a stab at filling out your K10 form yourself, especially if there’s only you in the company. But with more owners and/or employees comes more complexity, and there are nooks and crannies of the 3:12 rules that we haven’t touched on here, so don’t hesitate to get help from an accountant when things get complicated.